Global Exploration and Global Empires 1500-1700 Essay - 1

Global Exploration and Global Empires 1500-1700 - Essay Example The use of African slaves was very favorable for planters. First, Blacks were better adapted to wearisome physical work in the hot climate than white Europeans or Indians; secondly, taken out far from the habitats of their own tribes, not having any idea how to come back home, they were less inclined to escapes. In the middle of the XX century almost all the black population of the American continent was the descendants of the slaves taken out from Africa. In total about 13 million African slaves were imported to the British North America and later to the USA. On average, only one from 3-5 captured slaves was brought to a plantation, the others perished during the capture and transportation. According to the estimates of researchers, as a result of a slave trade Africa lost about 80 million lives (Slavery Timeline). In Europe the use of a slave labor was resumed and mass slave trade, which prospered up to the XIX century began. Africans were captured in their native lands, loaded on ships and sent to destination. The Irish captured by British during the conquest of Ireland in 1649 — 1651 prevailed among "white slaves". Intermediate position between exiled and free colonists was occupied by the "sold in a service": people sold their freedom for the right to move to colonies and to work it off there again. Considerable part of the Irish population, including women and children, was turned into white slaves and took out to English colonies in West Indies. During this period People in Ireland cost less than wolves: English soldiers were paid 5 pounds for the head of "the rebel or the priest" and 6 pounds — for the wolf ‘s head (Slave Trade Statistics). In the XVII—XVIII centuries Dahomey played a significant role in a slave trade and conducted fierce fight against the rivals: Allada, which was attacked by Dahomey in 1724 for the first time and captured in 1730, and Whydah captured in

Analysis of Legalization of Marijuana Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Legalization of Marijuana - Article Example If one were to analyze the legislation and initiatives of the past few years it will be evident that public favor to legalize medicinal marijuana has increased and this in return has propelled some states to decriminalize medicinal marijuana. Only a few weeks back, the Joint Mental Health and Substances Abuse Committee of Massachusetts removed criminal penalties for possession of less than one ounce of marijuana by a 6-1 vote ("Massachusetts: Decrim Bill Advances", 2006). The Joint Committee on the Judiciary was scheduled to begin deliberations on it in March. The legislation aimed to decrease penalties for the minor possession i.e. less than an ounce of marijuana to a civil offense instead of a criminal offense as custom and sought to reduce a fine of $500 to $250. This legislation, however, was quashed by the state legislature and medical or otherwise use of marijuana in Massachusetts still remains illegal. In February, this year, Congress, hitherto immovable and unbending on all marijuana-related issues, took a significant step by allowing students, previously charged with marijuana possession, eligibility to apply for student aid. Enacted in the year 1998, this ban - commonly known as "drug offender exclusionary provision" of the Higher Education Act - has refused financial aid to some 175,000 students until now. To some, this has been landmark legislation in the fight for marijuana decriminalization and a tentative admission of the Congress about the futility of penalizing citizens for the possession of a recreational drug ("Congress Scales Back Ban On Student Aid For Drug Offenders," 2006). More evidence of growing support for marijuana legalization came to view in 2005 when the US House of Representatives voted against the lifting of a ban on medicinal marijuana. The most important point, however, was that despite the vote going against marijuana legalization, 161 House members ha d voted in favor of marijuana, which was the record highest. In November 2005, the population of Denver voted to eliminate penalties for the possession of one ounce of cannabis by citizens more than 21 years of age. Fifty-four percent of voters decided in favor of legalization ("Denver Votes To Abolish Pot Penalties," 2005). In 1998, voters in Oregon had voted in favor of a law that allowed patients to possess and grow marijuana for medical reasons. In August 2005, the voters of Oregon further amended the law in favor of marijuana users by allowing marijuana-dependent patients to grow and own 24 ounces of cannabis as opposed to previous 3 ounces ("Legislature Amends Oregon Medical Cannabis Law," 2005).The most important point of objection raised by those who oppose decriminalization of marijuana is the type of message it will send to the citizens of America in general and to the youth and children in particular. They hold that although some medical reports reveal marijuana to be the least harmful of all drugs, yet it cannot be denied that it is a drug and harmful as well. In addition, if marijuana use and possession were to be legalized for medicinal purposes it will only be available through two means.

Tragedy in Romeo and Juliet Analysis

Tragedy in Romeo and Juliet Analysis At the heart of the plays themes of feuding families, ill-timing, and misfortune lies the true agent that defines Romeo and Juliet as a tragedy; the impulsive and reckless decisions of the young lovers determine, in some way, the tragic outcomes that are mistakenly attributed to fate throughout, and Shakespeares exaggerated account serves as moral instruction of what can happen when choices of this magnitude are made unadvisedly. Although fate does play a part in the actions of the play, it merely serves as instruction to the protagonists. Fate is responsible for maintaining natural order and, as long as this is achieved, the destiny of the lovers lies in their own decisions. Fate serves as a guide, giving moral lessons to the protagonists and even warns them of future disaster. Despite the generosity of the stars, however, they continue to rebel and this, in turn, leads to their demise. A common device of Shakespearian tragedy is the tragic flaw, also known as hamartia, defined as an inherent defect or shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy, who is in other respects a superior being favored by fortune (hamartia, def.). Ultimately, the tragic flaws of both Romeo and Juliet are their beliefs that, without regard to the warnings and guidance of a higher order such as fate, they are above the laws of man; they make decisions without regard to consequence or accountability for the chaos they produce. It is evident in Romeo and Juliet that the impulsive actions of the protagonists are not attributed to inexperience in youth, but rather a reflection of their tragic flaws. In the fourth act of the play where her father asks where she has been, Juliet replies, Where I have learned me to repent the sin of disobedient oppositionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (4.2.17-18). Shakespeares audience, of course, knows that this statement is merely Juliets method of sustaining peace at home until she c an go through with her plan to fake her own death. Regarding the father-daughter patriarchal structure during this time, however, her words are a distinct reflection of what is expected of her in obeying the laws her father demands. This is, perhaps, Shakespeares way of ironically revealing his moral lesson to his audience through the very character who provides the example, revealing what Juliet should do. These words expose her knowledge that obedience provides order, and subsequently, the audience is less sympathetic to her because she does not listen to her own words, those of Friar Laurence, or the warnings of fate. Romeo also reveals his awareness of the Princes law and suggests its importance for social order. In the beginning of Act 3, when Mercutio and Tybalt are fighting, Romeo comes between them and says, The Prince expressly hath forbid this bandying in Verona streets (3.1.82-83). Romeo seems to abandon his recklessness here, but it doesnt last long; he kills Tybalt only a few lines later. Granted, he is revenging his friends death, but this action marks the beginning of the deadly chaos seen throughout the rest of the play. Although he doesnt agree that a tragic flaw leads to the lamentable ending of the play, Fredson Bowers, in his article Dramatic Structure and Criticism: Plot in Hamlet, does, however, believe that the climax in Romeos decision to fight Tybalt involves a personal choice that carries moral responsibility and is therefore morally determinate (210). As the reader can see, tragedy follows a course of increasingly destructive events, and following the scene which marks the point of no return for Romeo, in this case the murder of Tybalt, madness inevitably follows. A. C. Bradley describes this sequence of events in relation to chance by stating that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any large admission of chance into the tragic sequence would certainly weaken, and might destroy, the sense of the causal connection of character, deed, and catastrophe (Bradley 64). Character represents the tragic flaw; the deed is the climax that leads, then, to madness which is the catalyst for catastrophe. Romeos madness becomes more evident as the reader can see his actions become increasingly less reasonable, beginning with the climactic scene and only ending with his death. Romeos madness is displayed through both his irrational actions and the reactions of Friar Laurence and Romeo himself. After Romeo learns of his banishment from Verona, his response, in both la nguage and action, provokes Friar Laurence to proclaim, O, then I see that madmen have no ears (3.3.61). Here, he recognizes the madness, so quickly evident in Romeo, spawned from Romeos banishment following the death of Tybalt. Later in the play, Romeos madness intensifies to such an extent that he himself recognizes it when he says, The time and my intents are savage-wild, more fierce and more inexorable far than empty tigers or the roaring sea (5.3.37-39). Here, Romeos admission of his madness is Shakespeares way of explicitly informing the audience that Romeo has indeed lost his sensibilities. The madness seen in the previous lines leads directly to catastrophe, namely the death of Romeo. His insanity, before an internal conflict, is now outwardly admitted to Paris when he says, Live, and hereafter say a madmans mercy bid thee run away (5.3.66-67). These lines represent Romeos submission to his madness as he rushes to his intended suicide. Much like Romeos insanity, Juliet exper iences symptoms following the climactic scene of the play. This is recognized by Juliets mother when she states, Some grief shows much of love, but much grief shows still some want of wit (3.5.72-73). Although Lady Capulet believes she is seeing Juliets despair over Tybalts death, her visible display of sorrow is derived directly from her grief over Romeos banishment, and this grief is but the first sign of a creeping irrationality that will lead Juliet to her end. Her irrationality lapses into madness as Juliet begins to hallucinate before drinking Friar Lawrences potion, as can be seen when she says, O, look! Methinks I see my cousins ghost seeking out Romeo that did spit his body upon a rapiers point (4.4.57). Directly after this statement, she drinks the potion, an act that even Friar Lawrence deems desperate (4.1.69), exorcising, through her action, the madness that has acutely built up in her since Romeos banishment. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, fate is referenced in many different ways, yet all passages seem to be directed to the same idea of a higher power watching over the natural order (Kastan 16) of the characters, but the protagonists of the play use fate as a source in which to place blame so not to be held accountable for the decisions they make. Throughout, this higher power has been named the stars (1.4.107), fortune (1.2.57), heavens (4.4.121), fate (3.1.114) nature (3.2.80), and each time Romeo or Juliet makes a rash decision and faces the consequences of the same, they complain that fate is the cause. Fate serves as a help for the young couple, however, and this becomes evident in that, each time the play reaches a critical point important to the plays outcome, the protagonists are warned. This idea of warning from a supernatural or ghostly source is a common strategy in Shakespearian tragedies. Here, Romeo is first warned in a dream which Mercutio calls Queen Mab (1.4.53), right bef ore he is about to meet Juliet for the first time. The dream warns him not to go to the Capulet ball, and fate further guides his decision by planting uncertainty in his decision as a warning of what will happen if he does go. Romeo states, I fear too early, for my mind misgives some consequence yet hanging in the starsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1.4.106), and although he is affected by this warning and aware of the consequences if he goes, only five lines later, he ignores the warning with On, lusty gentlemen (1.4.113). This is an active decision by Romeo to go to the ball, yet in the previous sentence, he says Direct my sail! (1.4.113). Thus, although Romeo receives help from fate through guidance, warnings of impending disaster, and the free will to avoid decisions, he repeatedly makes bad choices of which he is not willing to take responsibility, but rather, blames the very source that helps him. Another example of this warning comes when Romeo is leaving for Mantua, and this is the last t ime Juliet sees him. This time, both have a feeling of impending doom. Juliet says, O God, I have an ill-divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low, as one dead in the bottom of a tomb (3.5.54-56), and Romeo responds with, And trust me, love, in my eye so do you. Dry sorrow drinks our blood. (3.5.58-59). Juliets lines are spoken just three lines after she asks Romeo if they will ever see each other again. Of course, they do not meet again, and these lines mark the next phase of chaos, death, and bad decisions which conclude the play. There are, however, two more references to dreams that correctly reveal encounters, tragic in nature, which could have been avoided. First, Juliet imagines going mad inside the Capulet tomb, blatantly declaring a warning from fate that is being played inside her own daydream. When she says, O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught, envisioned with all these hideous fears, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and, in this rage, with some great kinsmans bone as wi th a club dash out my desprate brains (4.4.49-53), her concerns are actually a proclamation of fates warning that this rash action will eventually lead to her demise, a warning which she promptly dismisses as she drinks the vial only a few lines later. The second of these references to dreams lies in Romeos statement, I dreamt my lady came and found me dead strange dream, that gives a dead man leave to think (5.1.6-7). Romeo does not recognize the implications of this dream, which serves as the voice of fate. Instead, his irrationality spins this message into a form that he is willing to accept, as is seen by the following lines, and breathed such life with kisses in my lips that I revived and was an emperor (5.1.8-9). Due to Romeos maddening obsession with his infatuation, he is unable to decipher the true message of this dream. His irrational actions have set him on a path that will lead to his death. A.C. Bradley believes that tragedy is generally based around a character of prominence and is a story of human actions producing exceptional calamity and ending in the death of such a man (Bradley 64). This element of tragedy, consisting of specific actions that lead to a catastrophe and result in the death of a prominent character, is a classic theme among Shakespearean tragedies. One of the most common aspects of this basis is the element of death, both foreshadowed and realized, as a conclusion to the deranged actions of the primary characters in Shakespeares works. This theme can be seen in many of his plays, such as Hamlet and Othello, but none more so than Romeo and Juliet, where the theme of death is constantly reiterated from the initial prologue to the conclusion of the play. For instance, when paralleling the young lovers courtship to the different stages of the play, one can see these recurrent statements explicitly stated, all of which indicate deaths impending arrival as the natural conclusion of the couples consistent irrational actions. The first of these decisions occurs before Romeo is to attend the Capulets ball. He begins to feel himself traveling down an unnatural path and says, my mind misgives some consequence yet hanging in the starsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦of a despised life, closed in my breast, by some vile forfeit of untimely death (1.5.106-111). Although Romeo, to some extent, feels fates warning and the consequences of his actions, he proceeds to Capulets ball, taking his first step toward his ultimately tragic end. Furthermore, after they meet, Juliet immediately decides he is married and says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦my grave is like to be my wedding bed (1.9.131-132) before she even learns the name of her idol. This is only the first of many such examples of an irrational thought process that will continue throughout the rest of the story; examples of this unreasonable belief that death is their only alternative further displays their refusal to ac cept the situation and work toward a solution. Instead, death provides an easy solution. By limiting herself to only two options, Juliet consistently bases her decisions on this belief, despite all warnings that she is essentially running headlong to her own death. The next step in the progression of this affair, the marriage of the young lovers, is yet again marked by the presence of death. Upon arriving at Friar Lawrences cell for the proximate ceremony, Romeo declares that, love-devouring death do what he dare it is enough I may but call her mine (2.5.7-8). Once again, the presence of death is foreshadowed at a pinnacle point, and Romeo and Juliet make another aberrant decision. By explicitly challenging death, Romeo is seemingly aware that his mortality is imminent, but he still continues down this path. He does not consider that Juliets actions are mirroring his and leading her to the same conclusion. The couples impetuous drive toward rash decisions is unmistakable throughout the rest of the play. Although they are aware that the opportunity of their continued relationship will ultimately never be presented, the two protagonists pursue death from the beginning. These examples solidify the argument that Romeo and Juliet is a prime example of Shakespeares lesson that death as a natural consequence of the impetuous actions of those who disregard the admonitions of fate. Throughout the realm of Shakespeares tragedies, another theme persists. While the protagonists in Shakespearean tragedies make conscious choices determining their own paths, most commonly against the subtle and blatant warnings of fate, there is a constant element that renders the execution of these decisions compulsory; this idea is known as situational conflict. In his article Art and Artifice in Shakespeare, Elmer Edgar Stoll states, The core of tragedy is situation; and a situation is a character in contrast, and perhaps also in conflict, with other characters or with circumstances (Stoll 69). This idea that there must be a conflict to a tragedy is not a novel idea, but the idea that there must be a situation in conflict with character or circumstance suggests that an author would need to define this situation, either implicitly or explicitly, at some point prior to the climax of the story. Following this design of creating a situational conflict that will force the protagonists to make decisions that will lead them down either fates implied path of natural order or along a course of their own devising, a tragic plot must contain an action that forces this conflict. Shakespeare was not oblivious to this motif; in fact, the construction of his tragedies suggests his acceptance of this template as a method of depicting a tragic plot. In the bulk of Shakespeares tragedies, there is a common event that, apart from the climax and generally between the middle and end of the first act, explicitly defines this situation. The act typically causes conflict in the protagonists state of affairs, which sets the stage for the downward spiral of decisions that the characters make. While in most cases influenced by another character in the play, such as Iagos announcement of his plot to deceive Othello or Lady MacBeths persuasion of MacBeth to kill King Duncan, this triggering event causes the protagonists in Shakespeares tragedies, either immediately or inevitably, to mak e the initial decision that will decide their fate. Romeo and Juliet does not differ from this scheme; the triggering event and the situational conflict are both present within the same location stated previously. Specifically, this event is caused by the attempts of Benvolio and Mercutios to assuage Romeos concerns about attending the Capulets ball. While Romeo initially agrees to accompany them to the event, he soon shows no interest in the nights activities. He says that he will be a candle-holder and look on, and shortly thereafter begins to question his decision to attend the ball at all when he states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we mean well in going to this masque, but tis no wit to go (1.4.38, 1.4.46-47). Although he is persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, the final decision to attend is ultimately made by Romeo. This choice places Romeo in a situation where conflict is eminent; he walks into the house of the Capulets and woos a lady who he knows, by being present at this event, has ties to his enemy. Therefore, although Benvolio and Mercutio attempt to persuade Romeo to attend the ball and examine other beauties (1.1.221), his choice to do so is the triggering event. This is Romeos first chance to decide whether or not to enter into a situation of conflict and, as with many of Shakespeares tragic protagonists, Romeo makes the wrong choice. There is some debate about the effectiveness of the moral lessons in Shakespeares tragedies. In his article Shakespeare, Walter Raleigh believes, There is no moral lesson to be read, except accidentally, in any of Shakespeares tragedies (Raleigh 66). John Dryden, on the other hand, argues, in his article entitled The Grounds of Criticism in Tragedy, that tragedy is an imitation of one entire, great and probable action; not told, but represented; which by moving in us fear and pity, is conducive to the purging of those two passions in our minds (Dryden 24). The conscious decisions of the characters in Shakespearean tragedy are not only pertinent to the advancement of the tragic plot, but also morally determinate. Shakespeare reveals this idea through fates warnings, the dialogue of the characters, imagery, the advice of characters such as Friar Laurence, finally, in the epilogue, a common element in Shakespeares tragedies. The definition of a morally determinate action is significant in the argument of free will versus fate in Romeo and Juliet because it signifies that the character is aware of the issue and nevertheless makes a choice that is inherently fatal (210). This allows for an exchange of the audiences sympathy for the lovers with a feeling of contentment in knowing that, instead of a dismal view of fates inevitable defeat of innocent lovers, the protagonists have control of their lives and pursue tragedy through their own disobedience. The audience is able to enjoy the play because they too have free will to determine their own fates, yet they also come away with the lesson Shakespeare teaches about the moral responsibility of ones actions. Although the interjection of fate has been discussed previously, the moral reprehension announced by some of the characters in the play regarding Romeo and Juliets actions also serve as a measure by which to gauge the moral accountability of the couples ac tions. For instance, Friar Lawrence is appalled by Romeos exploits with Juliet at the Capulets ball, which is evident when he states, Is Rosaline, that thou didst love so dear, so soon forsaken? Young mens love then lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes (2.2.66-68). Essentially, Friar Lawrence is expressing his distaste in the immorality of his decision to wed another woman not a day after his lamentation for Rosaline. This decision is morally reprehensible because it exposes the fickleness of Romeos love and the significance of entering into a marriage without understanding the significance of such an act. This type of reaction is evident again when Friar Laurence castigates Romeo, this time for his effeminate tears and unreasonable fury (3.3.110). Here, Friar Laurence remarks, Hast thou slain Tybalt? Wilt thou slay thyself, and slay thy lady that in thy life lives by doing damned hate upon thyself? (3.3.135-137). Romeos decisions, in this case, are blameworthy because of the selfishness of his statements of suicide, as he does not consider Juliets welfare. He is further subject to blame when one contemplates Romeos previous actions and his failure to recognize the mercy that the Prince has shown him. His selfishness is directly related to the disjointed nature of Romeos decisions; rather than considering the implications of his decisions, he initiates a course of action based on his brash and reckless predilection. The epilogue in Romeo and Juliet repeats the events that unfold in the private counsel of Friar Lawrences cell, and while his account describes the rash actions of Romeo and Juliet, he openly accepts responsibility for his own part in the scandalous event. Friar Laurence is quickly pardoned for his misdeed. The outcome of the epilogue reveals the moral lesson; one must face responsibility for his or her actions, and it is better to accept the outcome than to run away. This is evident when Friar Lawrence pronounces, if aught in this mis carried by my fault, let my old life be sacrificed, some hour before his time, unto the rigour of severest law (5.3.266-268). He accepts complete responsibility for his part in the events that lead to the young lovers deaths and implies his foreknowledge that his actions could result in punishment, indicating that the Friar considered this before acting and juxtaposing this with the actions of Romeo and Juliet. By revealing to the audience both an avoidable situation and the reasons for the tragic ending, Shakespeare succeeds in providing a moral lesson that serves to purge the passion (Dryden 25). The implementation of a tragic flaw, madness, neglecting fates warnings, death, a triggering event, actions which are morally determinate, and the moral lesson provide a clear view of Shakespearean tragedy. The causal relationships between the elements of tragedy, combined with common literary features associated with plot, identifying the triggering event that presents the situational conflict which will lead to the climatic peak of the narrative, the resulting madness that builds in the principals, the ineluctable conclusion of death, and the consummate lesson learnt upon the end of the tale. Throughout this chronology, each step is traversed by a morally determinate adjudication based from, in this case, the main characters tragic flaws, and neglecting the karmic guidance offered by other characters as well as by their own admissions of feelings and dreams. Romeo and Juliet adhere to each of these elements, not on a scarce occasion or two, but continuously and doggedly throughout the course of the story, with each factor intertwining with another to form the basis for which the primary idea related to the main characters decisions may rest; Romeo and Juliets actions were undertaken too impetuously, and while fate did play a role in attempting to advise the young couple as to the natural order of their situation, they exercise their free will to interminably disregard these warnings and set themselves down the slippery slope that results in their undoing.

To Rent Or Not To Rent :: essays research papers

Renting a home to live in, rather than buying a home to live in is a much wiser decision. When renting a home you are able to have free maintenance, partially included utilities and the freedom to pack up and move at anytime you wish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We all like the luxury of being waited on, especially if it is at no cost to us. With a rental home, if the plumbing fouls up, the roof starts to leak or some other untimely mishap, free maintenance is only a phone call away for the renters because the landlord is liable for repairs on his rental properties. Whereas, the unlucky home owners better have some deep pockets when something goes awry in their household. Because a home owner does not have the free maintenance that those who rent do. The only things the home owners get are maintenance expenses and some free headaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partially included utilities are a real bonus for those who rent. Some rentals have both water and trash pick up paid by the landlord. That means two extra bills the renters need not to worry about. One can water his or her grass and take long showers without having the worry of having to look forward to a large water bill. While the one who owns their own home, has to be rather limited in their water use or else they may have to pay the high water bills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Renting homes also has a nice freedom. When a person rents, they can always up and move with a written thirty day notice given to their landlord. For instance, what if the neighborhood starts to turn into a less desirable area for residing in? Like maybe the crime rate goes up or bothersome neighbors move in next door? Well then, the renter can look for another place in a more desirable part of town and move out of their rented home. On the other hand, if a person owns their home, they either have to deal with the unfavorable changes in the neighborhood or put their house up for sale.

Gender, Culture and the Media Essay

Media, in the context required, is a term used to define an interactive transmission that is visualized and then especially designed to reach a large audience, for e. g. a whole nation. These audiences, however, are very different from one another, depending on their culture and gender identities. The variance in culture and sexual identities, have an obvious impact on media which is why there is a dire need for exploring the relationship between the two. The most important tool in exploring and understanding the relationship between media and culture is communication. This is because communication plays a very effective role in the manner through which interaction is carried out with the masses (Gaunlett, 2002). For this purpose, extreme emphasis is given to the cultural differences that may occur. Such is the case of international campaigns or chains of restaurants; whenever they want to promote any product, they have to consider the differences, and keeping these differences in mind, they alter their product accordingly for e. g. , McDonalds in India, do not usually serve their people beef burgers as cow is sacred to them. Likewise, Indian people can relate more to it than others who are just viewing this product on an Indian channel. On this note, I would like to add that it is also a TV channel’s responsibility to be aware of the ethics with regard to culture. Although, media is known to show us situation and relationships from other people’s point-of-view, the impact is originated from a certain culture or social class, for that matter. However, it has been changing from time to time with the global development. So, we can say that the relationship between media and gender today, is different from how it was years ago. The reason is because people’s thought have changed in the passing years, the role models have changed and the attitudes of people have changed, which without doubt influences media. It is for these contemporary audiences that the media has to alter whatever it promotes, in the manner that is much acceptable to them. The rest is mere perception on the audience’s part. Talking about the perception of various people and how they interact with things like talk shows, MTV, the Internet, soap operas, television sitcoms, dramatic series etc. , it is very likely to notice that the people interact with the media on the basis of their culture and gender identities (Dines, 2008). An example is that of Lorillard’s Newport cigarettes, introduced in 1957, which after its struggle period in the early stages of introduction, became very popular with the African American crowd. Another comment on the same example is that Newport cigarettes contain menthol, which is supposed to be associated with women mostly. Relating this with media, the advertisements for this brand also focused on African American people in the beginning, as they had identified them as their target market. With the change in society and changing views of people, Newport gained its market recognition and broadened their target market and today it owns a most coveted place in the tobacco industry. In the society that we live in today, people dedicate a lot of time to television, magazines, surfing the net, and other publications. As a result, it is very inevitable to say that they come across culture and advertising almost everyday. Among these people, a large segment belongs to the younger generation, who are particularly sensitive and relatively effected much easily by the same. Childhood culture is an inter-textual universe which connects TV programs to movies, videogames, toys, T-shirts, shoes, games, crayons, coloring books, bed linens and towels, pencil cases, lunch boxes etc. This is where the impact part comes into play, which media has on children and that which the children have on the media (Geertz, 1977). One of the greatest impacts of the above stated example on media is that when a television program (for kids) is produced, a lot of things have to be taken into consideration. Not too much violence, abusive language or false imagery should be used. As far as sexual identity is concerned, men and women have different views, likes and dislikes, regarding different things. Women are more likely to read magazines like Gourmet, Culinary Trends, Bon Appetite, Food and Wine etc. Lately, men have also developed a similar trend in reading magazines but there choices are those like Extreme Sports, Chicago Sports, and Sports Illustration etc. Another aspect is that of men leading the global scene. When it comes to voiceovers, men dominate, regardless of the product. Men continue to work in their late ages on screen whereas women tend to disappear in their late thirties. Facial lines and grey hair are considered to be signs of maturity in males, while the same would pronounce females ‘old’ and not fit for TV (Buikema, 2009). On the other hand, it is also reported to have said that with the developing sense of equality with regard to sexes, the Times magazine cover wondered if feminism was dead in June 1998. To sum up, the media shows us situations and relationships from other people’s point-of-view and we begin to think that we can now see ‘how the world works’, in lives other than our own. Soap-operas showing how neighbors, friends and lovers interact with each other are not behaviors that the media has created by itself. It is the likes of people that have affected media to follow the same. That too, varies from culture to culture. Some counties believe in open cultures while others observe closed culture where too much intimacy and involvement is not look upon as appropriate. People claim that the reference points for them are film and TV but actually it’s the way round- people, their cultures and genders influence upon the way they interact with the media. References: Buikema, R. , Tuin I. , (2008), â€Å"Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture†. Routledge Dines G. , McMahon J. , (2008), â€Å"Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-reader†. Sage Publications Gauntlett D. , (2002), â€Å"Media, Gender, and Identity: An Introduction†. Routledge Geertz, C. (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books

Immigration, America s Advantage By Lee Habeeb And Mike...

The United States is set apart from other countries in that we have a unique economic, political, and spiritual system from the rest of the world. This also poses a unique problem to our society: Since we possess desirable aspects as a country, we have to deal with the issue of immigration. Legal immigration is a great benefit to our society, and if we can control and harness immigration, it will better our country for years to come. While illegal immigration is an enormous problem that needs to be solved, legal immigration is a great asset to our economy and American society as a whole. In their commentary, â€Å"Immigration, America’s Advantage†, Lee Habeeb and Mike Leven make several interesting statements. They spend the first part of†¦show more content†¦The argument also states that because we turned away anyone over our visa quota for the year in which the study was taken, our society was deprived of that potential for growth (471). Their argument for unskilled immigrants is that if they want to come and work, then they have an American mindset and should be included (471). I agree with the article’s points about how immigration enriches our nation, brings diversity, and should be encouraged. But there are several points made in the article I feel to be in error. First, I disagree with the strong assertion that unrestrained immigration is the key to maintaining stagnant or declining population levels. The countries in the examples, Russia, Japan, and Europe, all have one thing in common: Their widespread birth-control practices and government-backed abortion programs. Perhaps if these programs were reduced in size, the â€Å"native† population numbers would rebound. Abortion is a big factor in population levels; the article itself says â€Å"this past year, more babies were aborted in Russia than were born† (Habeeb and Leven 469). My point is that when a large percentage of pregnancies are terminated before birth, the average age will go up and the population will go down. Perhaps instead of spending time and money to increase immigration numbers, we should curb our existing birth control practices. From an economic standpoint, illegal

Women s Duration Of Criminal Crimes - 804 Words

I would respond to my friend’s comment by disagreeing with her/him while supporting my own claims. The amount of crime women commit compared to the amount of crime men commit is still less in our society (Lecture). Women’s duration of criminal offenses usually starts earlier and ends earlier (Lecture). Men on the other hand usually commit crime later and they commit crime over a longer duration of time. Women that commit crime differ in the type and seriousness of crimes they commit compared to the type and seriousness of crime committed by men (Lecture). Men and Women are also committing different crimes if they commit any at all. Men focus on serious and violent crimes, along with white-collar crime. Women in comparison seem to be focused on property crime and minor crimes, while prostitution is the crime that women beat out men in arrest rate date shown throughout module 1’s articles. To address your friend’s opinion that women are catching up to men’s level arrest you need to explain to her/him that women rates of arrest have not changed much over time. â€Å"Female rates have not been rising and there has been very little, if any, changed in the gender gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Schwartz, et al. 2009). Women commit crime, but usually minor crimes compared to men. While men commit more crime than women and continue to commit crime. According to the article â€Å"Looking for Patterns: Gender, Age, and Crime† states that â€Å"†¦ (1)although violent offenses make up only a small percentage of all theShow MoreRelatedThe General Strain Theory Of Social Psychology1647 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest crime theories of social psychology with a fairly developed research body. 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